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The Nuristanis are an ethnic group native to the Nuristan region of eastern Afghanistan, who speak Indo-Iranian languages, including Nuristani.〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕 In the mid-1890s, after the establishment of the Durand Line when Afghanistan ceded various frontier areas to the British Empire, Emir Abdur Rahman Khan conducted a military campaign in Nuristan (then known as Kafiristan) and followed up his conquest with conversion of the Nuristanis to Islam;〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Wlodek Witek (CHArt 2001) )〕〔(Persée : A Kafir goddess )〕 the region thenceforth being known as ''Nuristan'', the "Land of Light".〔Martin Ewans, ''Afghanistan: a short history of its people and politics'', Harper Perennial, 2002, p.103〕〔A Former Kafir Tells His 'Tragic Story'. Notes on the Kati Kafirs of Northern Bashgal (Afghanistan) / Max Klimburg, Eat and West, Vol. 58 – Nos. 1–4 (December 2008), pp. 391–402〕〔Reflections of the Islamisation of Kafiristan in Oral Tradition / Georg Buddruss Journal of Asian Civilizations — Volume XXXI — Number 1-2 – 2008, Special Tribute Edition, pp. 16–35〕〔'The pacification of the country was completed by the wholly gratuitous conquest of a remote mountain people in the north-east, the non-Muslim Kalash of Kafiristan (Land of the Unbelievers), who were forcibly converted to Islam by the army. Their habitat was renamed Nuristan (Land of Light).' Angelo Rasanayagam, ''Afghanistan: A Modern History'', I.B. Tauris, 2005, p.11〕 Before their conversion, the Nuristanis (then known as "Kafiristanis") practiced an Indo-Iranian polytheistic Rigvedic religion. Non-Muslim religious practices enFnuristani ldure today to some degree as folk customs. In their native rural areas, they are often farmers, herders, and dairymen. The Nuristanis are distinguished from the Kalash and Kho people of Chitral by their adoption of Islam, territory within Afghanistan, and consolidation with other Afghans. The Nuristan region has been a prominent location for war scenes that have led to the death of many indigenous Nuristanis.〔Hauner , M. (1991). The soviet war in afghanistan. United Press of America.〕〔Ballard, Lamm, Wood. (2012). From kabul to baghdad and back: The u.s. at war in afghanistan and iraq .〕Nuristan has also received abundance of settlers from the surrounding Afghanistan regions due to the borderline vacant location.〔http://www.tolonews.com/en/afghanistan/10573-nuristan-a-safe-passage-for-taliban-to-enter-north-and-north-eastern-parts-of-afghanistan〕〔http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/%28httpDocuments%29/3E2AD065B3616B2D802570B7005876F4/$file/Land_disputes_NRC_june04.pdf〕 ==Pre-Islamic religion== Noted linguist Richard Strand, an authority on Hindu Kush languages, observed the following about pre-Islamic Nuristani religion: "Before their conversion to Islâm the Nuristânis practiced a form of ancient Hinduism, infused with accretions developed locally". They acknowledged a number of human-like deities who lived in the unseen Deity World (Kâmviri d'e lu; cf. Sanskrit deva lok'a-).〔 Certain deities were revered only in one community or tribe, but one was universally revered as the creator: the Hindu god Yama Râja called imr'o in Kâmviri〔 There is a creator god, appearing under various names, as lord of the nether world and of heaven: Yama Rājan, or Māra ('death', Nuristani),〔http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/KalashaReligion.pdf〕 or ''Dezau'' (ḍezáw) whose name is derived from Indo-European *dheig'h i.e. "to form" (Kati Nuristani dez "to create", CDIAL 14621); Dezauhe is also called by the Pashto term ''Khodai''. There are a number of other deities, semi-gods and spirits. The Kalash pantheon is thus one of the few living representatives of Indo-European vedic religion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nuristanis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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